CONVICTED (2023) | Mohammad Tofiq Sadiq, born c. 1996, of Lethamhill Road, Riddrie, Glasgow G33 – failed to get veterinary treatment for his puppy’s mutilated ears.
Kilo received improper care after his ears were illegally cropped
Sadiq admitted causing unnecessary suffering to five-month-old American pocket bully, Kilo, by failing to provide veterinary treatment for injuries caused by a prohibited procedure, namely cropping.
Kilo’s ears were red and scabby when Scottish SPCA inspectors attended Sadiq’s home following a concerned call on April 18, 2022
When asked if he had taken Kilo to the vet, Sadiq denied he owned Kilo when the procedure was carried out and said he had been cleaning his ears with salty water since he got him.
Kilo’s owner claimed that Kilo’s ears were already cropped when he bought him nine days earlier, but this was refuted by the puppy’s previous owner
A special investigations unit inspector involved in the case said: “On 18 April 2022 we attended the premises following a call to our animal helpline regarding a dog being neglected.
“On entering the property, a male American pocket bully, named Kilo, could be seen with cropped ears which were red and scabby.
“Sadiq claimed he had only had the dog for around nine days and that his ears had been cropped by his previous owner. When asked if the dog had seen a vet he said that he had been cleaning Kilo’s ears with salty water and giving him paracetamol.”
Kilo was nursed back to health in the care of the Scottish SPCA
Kilo was immediately removed from the premises and taken to a veterinary practice to be examined.
The inspector added: “The vet stated that due to how fresh the wounds appeared to be, they believed the procedure had been carried out within the last seven to 10 days. Kilo was given anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the swelling and pain the wounds would have been causing.
“We then took Kilo to one of our animal rescue and rehoming centres where he could receive the ongoing medical care he needed. While he was there we scanned him for a microchip and we were able to contact a previous owner who was able to confirm that the dog had full ear flaps when they last saw him in February.”
Sentencing | 12-month community payback order. Five-year ban on keeping animals (expires November 2028).
CONVICTED (2023)| serial animal abuser Elisha Walker, born c. 1996, of 535 Merry Street, Motherwell ML1 4DA – repeatedly left her two cats unattended for days at a time and eventually abandoned them altogether.
Elisha Walker admitted causing unnecessary suffering after abandoning cats Minty and Hamish.
Walker was given a small fine and pathetic and pointless TWO-year ban on keeping all animals following a Scottish SPCA investigation.
She pleaded guilty to failing to provide a suitable living environment or to make adequate provisions for her two cats, Minty a black and white female, and Hamish, a tabby and white male. She also pleaded guilty to causing unnecessary suffering to the cats.
Scottish SPCA inspector, Jack Marshall, said, “We first became aware of Elisha Walker on 3 September 2019, when concerns were raised that she had abandoned the property on Merry Street and left her cats behind.
“We were given access to the property by a housing officer and found that the three cats inside were in good condition. They had access to food but had run out of water.
“The property was in substandard condition and somewhat cluttered. The litter trays needed to be cleaned and there was a bin in the bathroom shut away from the cats which smelled foul due to festering meat in in the bottom of it.
“Provisions were made for the cats, the property was secured and a Scottish SPCA calling card taped to the door urging the owner to make contact urgently.
“The owner, identifying herself as Elisha Walker replied to the card a few hours later and we attended again the following day. The property had been partially cleaned and tidied but was not yet satisfactory. We issued Walker with an animal welfare notice for the rest of the property to be cleaned and tidied to an acceptable manner, and for the cats to be tended to at least twice daily to ensure their welfare needs were being met.
“We returned on 9 September 2019 to find that the conditions of the notice had been complied with and the property was now fully clean and tidy. We advised Walker that she must keep on top of the cleanliness of the property going forward.
“We were next contacted on 16 May 2021 due to concerns that cats in the property had once again been left unattended, this time for around four days.
“An inspector visited the property and found it to be unoccupied with a foul smell emanating from it. We taped the doors to see if anyone was attending the cats and continued to visit over the next few days, supplying them with wet food through the letterbox. During this time the tape remained unbroken.
“On 19 May we were able to gain entry to the property and found two cats, Minty and Hamish, inside. The premises were in very poor condition with household rubbish, clutter and cat faeces strewn throughout. There was no food or water present for the cats and the litter trays were full of faeces.
“Some of the rubbish showed evidence that the cats had been chewing and clawing at it looking for food.
“We immediately removed both cats from the property took them to be seen by a vet.
“On veterinary examination, both cats were found to be dehydrated and in lean body condition. They had undoubtedly been caused unnecessary suffering due to being left alone without suitable food and water.
“We returned to the property on 20 May, as we had left a humane cat trap in case any of Walker’s other cats were present at the property. While we were there Elisha Walker arrived in a taxi.
“When questioned about the incident she stated she had been unwell and staying at her partner’s address and a friend had agreed to care for the cats. However, she was unable to provide any contact details for the person she named.
“Although we are glad she received a ban, we would have liked it to have been for a longer period of time. Walker has never offered any reasonable explanation as to why Minty and Hamish were left in such conditions, which resulted directly from her failure to attend regularly and maintain a suitable living environment for the cats.
“The situation overall was completely unacceptable and caused the cats considerable suffering. This was further compounded by the terrible living conditions within the property and the fact that Walker was previously given an animal welfare notice for similar issues, yet allowed them to not only reoccur but deteriorate.”
Sentencing | fined £270 and banned from keeping animals for two years (expires November 2025).
CONVICTED (2023) | Patrick-Michael McCluskey, born 1 June 2004, of 9 Selkirk Way, Coatbridge ML5 4TN – kept dogs and cats in a home full of household waste, clutter and animal faeces.
Teenage animal abuser Patrick-Michael McCluskey who goes by the name PM McCluskey ignored repeated warnings from the Scottish SPCA over the atrocious conditions in which he kept dogs and cats. Despite living at the same address, Sylvia McCluskey, aka Sylvia McNicoll had her not guilty plea accepted by the court.
McCluskey pleaded guilty to failing to provide a clean and safe environment for two dogs in his care, but walked free from court with an admonishment. He wasn’t even banned from owning animals.
A not guilty plea was accepted for the teenager’s mother, Sylvia Claire McCluskey, born 25 November 1963, and of the same address..
Scottish SPCA inspector, Jack Marshall, said, “We had attended the address on Selkirk Way on several occasions between October 2017 and May 2022.
“We provided Patrick-Michael McCluskey with advice and support on how to care for his animals but unfortunately the conditions at the property continued to deteriorate. We removed several dogs and cats from his care during this period.
“A previous report to the fiscal in May 2021 resulted in a fiscal’s warning being issued about the conditions animals were being kept in on the premises.
“In September 2022 we received a call from Police Scotland who had attended Selkirk Way on an unrelated matter and become extremely concerned due to conditions at the property.
“We gained a warrant to enter the address and this was conducted on 14 September 2022.
“On entering the property we found it was full of household waste, clutter and animal faeces.
“There were two one-year-old dogs at the property, a poodle-type dog named Lady and a husky named Lola.
“Due to concerns for their welfare they were immediately removed from the address and taken for veterinary examination.
“It’s disappointing that this case has only resulted in an admonishment as any responsible owner would have been able to see that the conditions within the property were far from suitable for any person, let alone an animal, to have to endure.”
*An admonition is where an accused person found guilty of a crime is warned not to offend again. It is recorded as a conviction and appears on their criminal record. No other penalty is given.
CONVICTED (2023) | puppy farmers / traffickers Tom Paul Mongan, born c. 1995, of 4 Mill Pond Glen, Poleglass, Dunmurry, Belfast BT17 0XX, and William Joseph Mongan, aka William Ward, born 9 October 1983, of 6 Ardcaoin Grove, Poleglass, Dunmurry, Belfast BT17 0US
Brothers Tom Mongan (left) and William Mongan sold sick puppies from rented Glasgow flats leaving a trail of misery in their wake
Notorious puppy farmer/trafficker Tom Mongan, who in May 2023 was convicted for similar charges in Northern Ireland, and brother William Mongan, sold dogs online from rented Airbnb properties across Glasgow.
The dogs were found in poor shape and were discovered living in unsanitary conditions by SSPCA inspectors.
Some of the 11 pets the pair were responsible for were later put down due to ill health.
Tom Mongan pleaded guilty at Glasgow Sheriff Court to three charges of causing unnecessary suffering while William Mongan admitted two charges.
The charges spanned between December 2020 and February 2021.
The brothers – who are of the Irish traveller community – were sentenced to nine months in jail each by Sheriff Mark McGuire.
He said: “Each of you pled guilty to what can be described as animal cruelty on 11 separate dogs.
“What I heard is what the public would know as puppy farming.
“It must have been obvious the dogs were unwell and the conditions they were kept in was poor – you took no steps to get help for these animals.
“The motivation was for financial gain – each dog was priced at over £1,000.
“It was clearly greed and it brought unimaginable misery to those who unfortunately bought them.
“I am satisfied there is no other appropriate sentence than custody.”
Tom Mongan with wife Ellie Marie Mongan. The charges against her and Brigid Marie Mongan, sister of Tom and Edward, were dropped during court proceedings
Despite facing prosecution for similar offences in Northern Ireland, Tom Mongan went on to rent out a number of Airbnb properties in Glasgow for the purposes of selling more dogs.
He advertised a springer spaniel puppy on website PetsForHomes which was answered by a man.
He met Tom at an address and was shown a vaccination card for the puppy who was lying on a couch.
He paid Tom £1,600 in separate transactions to purchase the puppy later named Bella.
Tom contacted the man the following day to ask when he would pick up the dog.
Prosecutor Gail Campbell said: “[The man] told him that they picked up the puppy and was then blocked by Tom Mongan on the website.”
The man also noticed that the puppy had diarrhoea and was lethargic with parvovirus suspected by a vet.
The decision was made to euthanize Bella days later due to her ill health.
Ms Campbell added: “The vet thought that the dog was caused unnecessary suffering.
“[The man] contacted Tom Mongan on Facebook to tell him the puppy had died but he blocked him.”
A woman purchased a Pomeranian puppy from Tom in similar circumstances which was named Abbie.
The dog vomited and also had diarrhoea which included live worms.
Abbie was taken to the vet where she was noted to have done the toilet on herself and could stand on her own.
Abbie was also euthanized with a post mortem finding that she suffered from parvovirus.
A man and woman purchased a Beagle later named Freya from Tom.
She was later noted to have no appetite, vomited and had diarrhoea. Freya also passed away from her condition.
The woman contacted Tom but received no reply.
SSPCA inspectors and police raised of the addresses on January 28 2021 and found Tom Mongan, William Mongan and eight puppies within.
A spaniel puppy was noted to be “distressed”, as well as lethargic and could not lift her head.
Another spaniel puppy and a Pomeranian were also found to be in a “visibly poor condition.”
A puddle of clear yellow fluid, believed to be diarrhoea was found on the floor of one of the bedrooms.
The puppies were seized and only four of them were linked to microchips.
A vet stated that all the puppies were in poor condition and should have received veterinary care. One of the dogs was put down.
Grubby family enterprise: Brigid Mongan with brother William Mongan. The case against her did not proceed
Over a week later, William Mongan was visited by the SSPCA who received information beagle puppies were being sold.
Four puppies were found inside including a beagle puppy who was in a poor condition.
A border collie described as being “extremely unwell” was noted to be lying in her own urine and faeces.
William threatened legal action on one of the SSPCA inspectors who seized the puppies
Ms Campbell added: “The inspector has not been contacted by a lawyer.”
Atlanta Jack, defending Tom, told the sentencing her client was involved for financial gain.
The lawyer added: “He expresses his regret for the people who purchased the puppies and he is apologetic for the upset and inconvenience caused.”
Patrick Brechany, defending William, stated his client is a gardener by trade who is “remorseful and “regretful.”
Mr Brechany denied that William was a “puppy farmer” but sold dogs who were puppy farmed.
Sheriff McGuire banned the two men, of Belfast, from keeping animals for ten years.
Sentencing | nine-month custodial; 10-year ban applicable to all animals.
In April 2023 Irish newspaper Sunday World published an article on “convicted fraudster” William Mongan in which they described how neighbours of the vile Mongans had to take action to stop newborn puppies bred by the family from dying. The article revealed how people living in the same street as William Mongan had been going into his back yard to feed two very young cocker spaniel puppies he had left in a shed. Concerned neighbours told the Sunday World reporter how the puppies cried 24 hours a day for food and attention.
Abandoned puppies only survived thanks to the intervention of kindly neighbours of William Mongan aka William Ward
“He dropped the puppies off … and he left and has only been seen back once since then and even then he didn’t get out of his van,” said one concerned neighbour.
“He doesn’t live here very much and he hasn’t been seen much but nobody can understand why he’d abandon two vulnerable young puppies like this in his yard.
“The poor things have been whining constantly because he didn’t leave any food for them. They are far too young to be away from their mother.
“It’s maybe hard to understand how distressing it is to have to listen to young puppies crying 24 hours a day because they are starving and missing their mum.
“Loads of neighbours have complained to Belfast City Council’s animal welfare department as well as the USPCA but nobody seems to be doing anything.”
CONVICTED (2023) | Michael Frati, born c. 1995, of Craigend, City of Glasgow – killed a tiny chihuahua by striking her with a hatchet.
Frati attacked the chihuahua named Ruby at a property in Ruchazie in the north east of Glasgow, on 5 August 2023.
He was convicted at Glasgow Sheriff Court of causing the dog unnecessary suffering. He also behaved in a threatening or abusive manner at the same time and place.
Sheriff Patrick Hughes said it was a particularly sad matter due to Frati’s friendship with the dog’s owner, Janet Collins.
Sheriff Hughes said: “She played an almost maternal role in your life.
“This was the worst incident of animal cruelty I have seen, particularly in a summary court.
The charge said Frati knew or ought to have known that his actions would have caused suffering.
It is stated that he struck Ruby on the head with a hatchet which caused her death.
Sheriff Hughes added the dog had suffered from an “unprovoked incident”.
He said: “Miss Collins suffered from seeing it and seeing it done by you which is hurtful.
“It seems to me that you pose a significant risk to the public and this incident is an escalation.”
Peter Malone, defending, told the sentencing hearing that Ms Collins had tried to help Frati with his addiction issues and he had been living with her.
Frati was cleared in 2019 of two murder bid shootings within a month after the charges against him were dropped.
He denied shooting Robert McCann at a house in Tollcross as well as Brian McGloin at his home in Shettleston.
Mr McCann said he was shot in the head in his friend Christopher Lynch’s home, but remembered nothing after hearing someone at the front door and walking out of the kitchen into the hallway.
He woke up days later in hospital. In court he said he was unable to identify the gunman.
Mr McGloin who was shot three times and slashed on the face, also said in court he was unable to identify the shooter.
‘Not Guilty’ (2023) | huntsman Myles O’Connor, born c 1993, of 3 Greenwells Cottages, Melrose TD6 9HE – cleared of illegally hunting a fox with dogs.
Myles O’Connor, formerly a whipper-in with the Buccleuch Hunt, is now believed to be working for the Old Berkshire Hunt in Faringdon, Oxfordshire. Image credit: Scottish Borders Hunt Sabs
O’Connor, of the Buccleuch Hunt based in the Scottish Borders, was found not guilty of hunting a fox with dogs at Hume, near Kelso, on 22 December 2021.
It was claimed that a hound started chasing a fox after picking up a scent and nothing was done to stop the pursuit.
Myles O’Connor gets friendly with fellow wildlife killer Tim Allen, also of the Buccleuch Hunt. Source: Scottish Borders Hunt Sabs
However, Mark Moir KC said in his closing statement: “Mr O’Connor did not see the single hound chasing the fox and therefore was not deliberately involved in encouraging the hunting.”
After considering the evidence, Sheriff Peter Paterson agreed and delivered a not guilty verdict.
He said: “It is well known that cases of this nature involve highly emotive issues with a clear polar divide.
“That is not a matter for the court. It is for the court to apply the law.
“In this case, thankfully and possibly for the last time, this does not need the complexities of the 2002 Act.
“It boils down to whether the accused witnessed the single hound pursuing the fox and under the law I need to be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt.”
Sheriff Paterson said he agreed with Mr Moir’s position that O’Connor did not see the hound pursuing the fox and, if he had, he would have taken steps to recall that hound.
He added he had no difficulty in returning a not guilty verdict in this case.
O’Connor, who gave an address in Melrose, is no longer with the Buccleuch Hunt and is understood to be working for the Old Berkshire Hunt, which is based in Faringdon, Oxfordshire.
Robbie Marsland, director of the LACS, said it was disappointed with “yet another not guilty verdict”.
He said it showed the need for a “new, stronger law” to replace the 2002 act, which the group said had led to only one successful prosecution for mounted fox hunting.
CONVICTED (2023) | serial headcase Dean MacLennan, born c. 1993, of Linksfield Court, Seaton, Aberdeen AB24 1GU – kicked a dog in the face in an “unprovoked” attack.
Dean MacLennan during a previous court appearance. Photo credit: Press & Journal
Violent thug Dean MacLennan, who is no stranger to the Scottish courts, kicked a Staffy in the head so hard she was sent flying backwards.
The attack took place on Union Street, Aberdeen in the early hours of May 22, 2022.
MacLennan claimed the dog had bitten him on the face, but CCTV and his lack of injuries did not support this version of events.
Shockingly, despite the vicious and unprovoked nature of the attack, he escaped a ban on keeping dogs as the imbecilic judge decided such a move would not be “appropriate”.
Fiscal depute Kirsty Martin set out events for the court. She said: “A woman and her friends were on Union Street along with her dog, named Bella.
“The accused, an acquaintance, was also with them. They were all engaging in conversation.
“Without provocation, the accused kicked Bella with his right foot to her face, causing her to be thrown backwards.”
A verbal altercation between the parties then followed which caught the attention of police.
MacLennan told the officers the dog had bitten him on the face, but there was no evidence of this.
Ms Martin said: “CCTV showed the accused, unprovoked, kick the dog as described.
“The dog was at no point acting in a dangerous or aggressive manner.”
The court heard the woman who owned the dog passed away shortly after the incident.
MacLennan pleaded guilty to kicking Bella in the head.
Defence agent David Sutherland said his client maintained he’d been bitten by the dog and that the CCTV footage was filmed from “some distance away”.
‘There’s not any extended period of conduct in relation to dogs’
He said: “It was a Staffy, which is a dog which is commonly possessed or owned by those who move in drug circles.”
Not fit for purpose: Sheriff Margaret Hodge didn’t believe it was appropriate to ban an animal abuser with a long history of violence and a dog of his own from having animals
Sheriff Margaret Hodge interjected: “And who are on Union Street at midnight.”
Mr Sutherland agreed and went on to highlight his client’s struggles with his mental health and that he was a dog owner himself.
Sheriff Hodge told MacLennan: “Having heard the circumstances and heard from your solicitor, I’m inclined to deal with this by way of a fine.”
She imposed a £290 fine but with no time to pay, meaning MacLennan serves the alternative of 14 days in prison.
Turning to the possibility of a ban on keeping dogs or other pets, Sheriff Hodge said: “They don’t seem particularly appropriate here.
“There’s not any extended period of conduct in relation to dogs that would make me consider disqualification.”
CONVICTED (2023) | former head gamekeeper David John Scott, born c. 1989, of Bridgehaugh, Dufftown, Keith AB55 4DS – kept 14 dogs in appalling conditions at the home he shared with wife Gillian Elizabeth Scott.
David Scott, a former gamekeeper, admitted neglecting 14 dogs with additional charges relating to dog fighting and setting a dog on a snared fox were dropped. Photo credit: Press & Journal
Scott admitted a catalogue of animal welfare offences in relation to 14 neglected dogs.
The Crown accepted a not guilty plea from his wife, Gillian Scott.
The court heard Scott had been head gamekeeper at Cabrach and Glenfiddich Estates until the raid on his home in September 2022.
Fiscal depute Karen Poke said the Scottish SPCA’s special investigation unit had received a tip-off about the welfare of animals being kept by the Scotts during August 2022 and attended the scene with police.
Wife Gillian Scott escaped punishment after her not guilty plea was accepted by the court
There they found three “wet, extremely dirty” and “totally unacceptable” kennel blocks, each without any sleeping areas for the dogs.
Ms Poke said: “There was a strong smell of faeces and urine abundant throughout the kennels,
“There were no dry areas for the dogs to lie down and no evidence of any dog food.”
The officers found a barrel full of rotten meat and fish it was suggested this is what the dogs were being fed.
All 14 dogs were removed to the care of the SSPCA and were said to have been “suffering and in distress”.
Scott admitted causing unnecessary suffering and pain to dogs by not seeking veterinary treatment or providing them with essential care.
Photo credit: Press & Journal
As part of a plea bargain, a not guilty plea to a charge that Scott trained a male black and tan dog called Boysie to fight and supplied videos of his brawls was accepted by the Crown.
The dog-fights were said to have taken place at the home address.
Another offence, whilst at Cabrach and Glenfiddich Estate on July 13 2022, of snaring a fox and letting his dog attack it, was also dropped.
The 14 neglected dogs included:
Ellie, a female harrier-type dog, who suffered an ear mite infection for weeks without getting treatment.
Babatoots, a female spaniel who also had infected ears and gums for weeks without medical help.
Toots, another female spaniel who suffered from infections of the ears and gums.
Sadie, a female spaniel who had chronic ear infections and conjunctivitis.
Defence counsel Callum Anderson said the couple had been going through a “difficult period” in their lives at the time of the police raid. He said Scott had accepted the conditions were “awful” and said the kennels had become so wet due to a “torrential storm” the night before.
Mr Anderson said Mrs Scott still owns two dogs as family pets and said the lapse was due to “dramatic circumstances”, including the death of her father and a medical issue around the date of the offences.
“They accept they were not dealing with matters at that time. That is the reason why veterinary treatment was neglected,” he said.
Scott had lost his position as head gamekeeper after the raid and had been “demoted sideways”, whilst still earning a salary of £40,000 plus accommodation worth £15,000 per annum.
“He recognises it was not acceptable and lessons have been learned,” Mr Anderson said.
On sentencing, Sheriff Robert McDonald said Scott had “failed to keep a grip” on his animals, adding: “No matter how bad your life is, your animals still need looking after.
“The dogs don’t care. If things are tough, you should make arrangements for them.
“I am conscious of your employment and that you may be around dogs when out on a shoot. I have the power to impose a custodial sentence or a £20,000 fine.
“However, I have taken this into account and take a serious view and will impose a fine.”
Sentencing | fined £1,275. Banned from owning more than two dogs for just three years (expires September 2026).
CONVICTED (2023) | Brian John Farmer, born c. 1999, of 16 Church Street, Nairn IV12 4AP – left a dog to starve to death in an abandoned property.
Brian Farmer’s dog chewed anything that was in the house in Church Street in Nairn including a sofa, its foam filling and food tins in a vain battle to survive. Photo credit: Press & Journal
Farmer pleaded guilty to causing unnecessary suffering to an 18-month-old American bully/Staffy crossbreed called Duke by failing to provide him with access to food or water whereby he starved to death. He also admitted abandoning the dog.
Fiscal depute Naomi Duffy-Welsh told the court that industrial cleaners appointed by Highland Council to attend the abandoned property discovered the dog’s skeletal and decomposing remains.
The Scottish SPCA were contacted and arranged to pick up the dog from the locus. SSPCA chief inspector Iain Allan described the scene of horror that confronted the team.
He said: “On entering, the first thing we noticed was the terrible state of the property, which was filthy with a strong, foul-smelling odour.
“There was a lot of rubbish covering the floor consisting of empty food packets, empty chewed food tins, chewed foam from the sofa and dog faeces. The room was cold as there had been no heating on within the premises for some time.
“We were shocked to see the emaciated body of a large dog in the kitchen/living room area.
“It was obvious from the state of decay of the carcass that the dog had been dead for some time. The dog was lying stretched out on the linoleum floor in front of the chewed up sofa.
“We were able to identify the dog as Duke, a one-and-a-half-year-old American XL bully cross Staffordshire bull terrier type dog.”
Duke’s body was taken for a post mortem where the vet determined the cause of death as severe malnutrition. Weighing just 14 kilograms, his skeleton protruded through his skin and his head was described as appearing too big for his body.
Decomposition suggested he had been dead for several weeks.
Defence solicitor David Patterson said that Duke had been left in his client’s care but claimed he didn’t own the dog.
In mitigation he described Farmer’s life as “challenging” adding that “a lack of education and social development” had caused him to suffer from mental health issues.
Sheriff Ian Cruickshank told Farmer that due to his personal circumstances combined with the fact that he was under 25 and had never been in prison before, he enjoyed the protection of the law if there was an alternative to custody. Instead he imposed a community sentence.
Sentencing | community sentence of 250 hours of unpaid work; two years of social work supervision. Lifetime ban on ever keeping an animal.
